. Man and he are generic masculine (GM) words, i.e. Nothing in that precedent establishes that one cannot refer to a female person with feminine nouns and pronouns in German. Put simply, to use masculine-specific nouns and pronouns is to run the risk of being regarded, at worst, as sexist and, at best, as using distracting biased language. Examples include firefighter instead of fireman; flight attendant instead of steward or stewardess; bartender instead of barman or barmaid; and chairperson or chair instead of chairman or chairwoman. masculine person männliche Person {f} masculine pride Mannesstolz {m} masculine rhyme männlicher Reim {m}lit. This evidence demonstrates that the use of “generic” masculine and even other grammatically neutral terms in effect serves to exclude women from the English language. Second, one could translate each gender-specific pronoun with a placeholder, in square brackets, such as “[he/she],” “[him/her],” “[his/her],” which is to be exchanged for the proper pronoun when the agreement is prepared for use in a specific case. And in so doing it changes the repertoire of social meanings and choices available to social actors'. Learn more. More often than not, it ignored them. generic masculine translation in English-Spanish dictionary. Third, one could use the plural form of certain nouns, with all the plural forms of the pronouns, at relevant junctures, that is: wherever such use does not distort the sense or meaning. And all too often it excluded women altogether from the protection of the law, as well as from most everything else, which is why English speakers don’t use the generic masculine any more. She discovers that she was snubbed for a promotion: a generally less qualified man was promoted instead. Leser kommentiert am Mi, 2020-12-02 09:23 Permanenter Link. Let’s take the case of German employment agreements. A generic drug or other product is one that does not have a trademark and that is known by a general name, rather than the manufacturer's name. She discovers, too, that the conditions of her employment are less favorable than those of her male counterpart: equal work, unequal pay; equal advancement opportunities on paper, unequal advancement opportunities in practice; etc. In two experiments, we tested how different … This evidence demonstrates that the use of “generic” masculine and even other grammatically neutral terms in effect serves to exclude women from the English language. The English language has gender-specific personal pronouns in the third-person singular. generic meaning: 1. shared by, typical of, or relating to a whole group of similar things, rather than to any…. Words like man and dude have long served as exclamations, not really forms of address, or even as specifically masculine referents. 2 (Biology) of, relating to, or belonging to a genus. Antecedents such as engineer and solicitor suggest a relatively high level of education, although there were isolated examples of more physically based occupations, such as removal man and shop keeper, but these did not represent trends. Compare, for instance, the discussion in Anne Waddingham, ed. In the German language, there is a grammatical rule that is called Generisches Maskulinum (English: generic masculine ). In cases in which literal translation along the lines sketched here are indicated, the guiding precept – if there is one to be riddle out here – is this: one must ignore the generally accepted rule of English composition and heed the general circumstances, in order to do justice to the source text. This generic use of masculine words is a highly common practice in Dutch as well as in many other languages. In English, the generic masculine can be, and often is, perceived as biased language. They will require a thorough command of the subject matter. Let us assume the employee is a woman. Kommentar schreiben, Gast kommentiert am Di, 2020-12-01 12:42 Permanenter Link. Where the noun itself is not gender-neutral such as “attorney,” “translator,” “employee,” one should use a gender-neutral version of the noun – not “chairman,” but “chairperson”; not “policeman,” but “police officer”; not “fireman,” but “firefighter.” As for pronouns, one should avoid masculine-specific pronouns, when the noun is not masculine-specific: Some personal pronouns have special uses. Parmesan is a generic term used to describe a family of hard Italian cheeses. to become masculine vermännlichen [Frauen] generic masculine generisches Maskulinum {n}ling. Sie können andere Beitrage mit [quote]-Tags Zitieren. But sometimes it is necessary to break with this generalization in order to adhere to it. However, there exists at least one important exception to the rule discussed above. In general, one should proceed in English according to the rule: avoid masculine-specific nouns and pronouns when the noun or pronoun stands specifically either for a female person or for a person of indeterminate gender. That rule is this: do not use masculine-specific nouns and pronouns when the noun or pronoun stands specifically either for a female person or for a person of indeterminate gender. And biased language distracts from the purpose of the writing, when it is not central to that writing. A PERSONAL PRONOUN that includes both masculine and feminine, such as u in Persian (which translates he and she) and they in English, which does not distinguish gender. Zum heutigen Urteil des V. Zivilsenats, V ZR 299/19, Nichtigkeit des "Mietendeckels" - und jetzt drohen Kündigungen und Räumungen, Personenbezogene Daten aus öffentlichen zugänglichen Quellen sind kein Freiwild, LG Freiburg: Keine Kündigung eines Fitnessstudio-Vertrags wegen Corona-bedingter Schließung. ( generics plural ) 1 adj You use generic to describe something that refers or relates to a whole class of similar things. English does not have a singular equivalent for u, but the he- group of pronouns has traditionally been called GENERIC, along with such … For translators, and their readers, cases involving the generic masculine should be reason to pause, to pose the question at the threshold: should one translate these nouns and pronouns with their generic masculine counterparts in English? All rights reserved. They encourage doctors to prescribe cheaper generic drugs instead of more expensive brand names. ), The voice of women and men. You use generic to describe something that refers or relates to a whole class of similar things. [lacking individuality, originality, common: e.g. Eliminating generic masculine pronouns precisely eliminates generic masculine pronouns. The doctorate regulations also allegedly they can be used sex-specifically to refer to males or generically to refer to creatures of unspecified sex, depending on whether the verbal context is male-specific, e.g. If such an avenue is pursued in a complaint and if one is commissioned to translate the complaint, together with the employment agreement, then it will make sense to translate the employment agreement literally, at least in one respect. The English language reflects the power ... carelessly, as when the masculine pronoun heis used to ... she”). In English the issue comes to a head only with the third-person singular personal pronoun, because all the other pronouns are unmarked for gender. Because the English noun “employee” is itself gender-neutral, the German term “der Arbeitnehmer” can be translated as “employee.” However, all the masculine-specific pronouns used in the German will have to be replaced with feminine-specific ones: “he” will have to be translated as “she,” “him” as “her,” “his” as “hers.” In both cases, one translates in keeping with a main tenant of professional translation: one must needs translate in keeping with the facts – masculine-specific pronouns for male persons, feminine-specific pronouns for female persons. A translation is greater than the sum of its parts. not having a trademark. generic. In the case assumed here, the attorney goes on to determine that one, not the main, avenue of attack, will be to show how the employer insists on its rights, but disregards his client’s. The program saved $11 million in 1988 by substituting generics for brand-name drugs. Undergraduates read 1 Compare “Fachliche und förmliche Vollständigkeit einer juristischen Fachübersetzung.”. ...generic California apartments, the kind that have white walls and white drapes and were built five years ago. Man is mortal. In English grammar, a generic pronoun is a personal pronoun (such as one or they) that can refer to both masculine and feminine entities. It will make sense to so translate, because it mirrors the argument alleged in the complaint. That depends. As a rule, one must forgo this grammatical device in order to ensure that the translation reads as if it itself had been composed in the target language. This risk does not necessarily exist in German. But to ignore it is not to violate it. Consequently, they should be used with the level of care appropriate to the translation and the circumstances at hand. Many feminists argue for the elimination of the generic man and he and the substitution of non-GM words, e.g. The generic masculine of this sample is clearly an employed individual. As for nouns, one should use gender-neutral nouns. way of saying farewell] gewöhnlich [herkömmlich, üblich, formelhaft: z. They are very likely covered by the abovementioned precedent. My understanding is that a similar rule applies in Great Britain. You can complete the definition of generic masculine given by the English Cobuild dictionary with other English dictionaries : Wikipedia, Lexilogos, Oxford, Cambridge, Chambers Harrap, Wordreference, Collins Lexibase dictionaries, Merriam Webster ... English-Simple Definition dictionary : translate English words into Simple Definition with online dictionaries. I will refer to child abuse generically (which includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect)., ...something generically called `rock `n' roll'. In cases of exception, the answer is yes, if literal translation is indicated by the circumstances. of the regulations in (1) includes the masculine noun promovendus ‘PhD candidate’ as well as the masculine pronoun hij ‘he’, even though the rules apply to all PhD candidates regardless of their gender. Empty paragraph killer - multiple returns will not break the site's style. Search generic masculine and thousands of other words in English Cobuild dictionary from Reverso. One should use generic masculine nouns and pronouns whenever the need for literal translation is indicated by the general circumstances that occasioned the translation in the first place. Until recently the masculine forms, he/him/his/himself, served as default forms in … Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2010, page 301. List of examples of singular "their" etc. masculine {adj} männlich masculine {adj} maskulin masculine {adj} [qualities] mannhaft masculine Maskulinum {n}ling. The third-person plural they and its inflected and derived forms (them, their, themselves, etc.) People sometimes use generic to refer to something that is exactly typical of the kind of thing mentioned, and that has no special or unusual characteristics. Generic Pronouns and Sexist Language: The Oxymoronic Character of Masculine Generics I John Gastii University of Wisconsin- Madison This experiment investigated the propensity of the generic he to evoke im- ages of males relative to he/she and the plural they. Masculine pronouns, such as "he / him / his" are utilized to address both male and female when the gender is unknown. (A ruling that never quite sat well with me, regardless of whether it is right as a matter of law.). So, what to do in these cases? Masculine personal pronouns are still commonly used for generic reference in many languages such as Dutch, but the results of this experiment refute the notion that a … What about the case of a form of employment agreement drafted in German, which is intended to be used for both male and female persons and which uses das generische Maskulinum – that is, the employee is referred to only as “der Arbeitnehmer,” with all the generic masculine-specific pronouns? In all the varieties of English analyzed, plural/neutral pronouns and determiners account for the majority of usages. is that masculine is (grammar) the masculine gender while generic is a product sold under a generic name. Both the third and fourth courses of action can prove tricky. In this case, there are at least four conceivable courses of action. It disregards her rights, not to be discriminated against, when it suits the employer. This male bias might be caused by the words themselves in terms of generic masculine or masculine forms or by androcentrism (the conflation of men with humanity). New Hart’s Rules: The Oxford Style Guide. New York: Pergamon Press. Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary. generic {adj} [pej.] First, one could translate the agreement for male persons and then modify a second version for female persons. 1 applicable or referring to a whole class or group; general. the generic name. [2] For this reason, careful writers avoid it when reasonable differences of opinion may arise, which will prove unhelpful to the writing at hand. In short, “generic he” describes any occurrence of the third masculine singular pronoun “he,” “his,” “him,” or “himself” in a context that makes a general statement including male and female human beings, and where, therefore, “he” designates an individual who represents what is … As nouns the difference between masculine and generic. Between 1990 and 2009, instances of masculine generic pronouns and determiners, expressed as a percentage of total generic pronoun usage … The man stubbedhis toe, or generic, e.g. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, page 29. In my experience, these cases are few and far between. So, let us assume for the sake of argument such general circumstances. Gender bias in English: In search of fair language. It says that when you want to address a group that consists of people of both genders, you only use the male word even though you know there are females there. As a rule, the answer is no, if generic masculine nouns and pronouns would contravene a generally accepted rule of English composition. —Whatever the case, the course of action will depend, largely, on the purpose of the translation and will require, frequently, coordination with the client and/or end user of the translation. Known as the "generic he", generic masculine pronouns are the standard method used in the English language when addressing an "indefinite" or "undefined" individual. That rule is this: do not use masculine-specific nouns and pronouns when the noun or pronoun stands specifically either for a female person or for a person of indeterminate gender. Also called a common-gender pronoun , an epicene pronoun , and a gender-neutral pronoun . GENERIC PRONOUNAlso common-gender pronoun, epicene pronoun. The same is not true of a German employment agreement for a female employee, which uses das generische Maskulinum. The resulting masculine bias in our language reflects and reinforces the pattern of male dominance in society. Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary. from Jane Austen's writings. They are often drafted using das generische Maskulinum, regardless of whether they are for male or female employees. 3 (of a drug, food product, etc.) Zeit für flächendeckenden "Corona-Eildienst"? In other words, one can deliver not one, but two translations, a form of employment agreement for male persons and a form for female persons. Das generische Maskulinum is acceptable, deemed so, in certain cases, by the German Federal Court of Justice. usu ADJ n (Antonym: specific) Parmesan is a generic term used to describe a family of hard Italian cheeses. usu ADV after v, ADV -ed/adj, also ADV with cl. Principales traductions: Anglais: Français: generic adj adjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." But literal translation is the exception. That’s what The Chicago Manual of Style says anyway. The masculine pronoun is he (with derived forms him, his and himself); the feminine is she(with derived forms her, hers and herself); the neuter is it (with derived forms its and itself). In C. Kramarae (Ed. views 3,629,309 updated. She reviews her employment agreement and realizes that she was referred to not as “die Arbeitnehmerin,” but as “der Arbeitnehmer” and that all the corresponding generic masculine pronouns were used, “er,” “ihn,” “sein.” She speaks to an attorney. (C17: from French; see genus) ♦ generically adv. Gibt es hier einen Übersetzer, der uns das übersetzen kann? Otherwise, the prose of the translation can become unwieldy, sound clumsy, and/or become imprecise, by including too many, or simply unintended, grammatical subjects or objects. […] He, him, and his have traditionally been used as pronouns of indeterminate gender equally applicable to a male or female person […]. The third-person singular has three genders, he, she, and it. ©2021 Reverso-Softissimo. Hinweise zur bestehenden Moderationspraxis 2  Compare The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition. And they offer a kind of paradigm example, which provides sufficient guidance for all other comparable cases. Il est généralement placé après le nom et s'accorde avec le nom (ex : un ballon bleu, une balle bleue).En général, seule la forme au masculin singulier est donnée. B. Verabschiedung] Unter folgender Adresse kannst du auf diese Übersetzung verlinken: https://www.dict.cc/?s=generic+masculine And biased language distracts from the purpose of the writing, when it is not central to that writing. It will make sense to translate all the generic masculine pronouns with their English counterparts. 3 The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16(7), 642–662. The use of man as a generic noun or as an ending for an occupational title (e.g., policeman) can be ambiguous and may imply incorrectly that all persons in the group are male. If I want to write a text about a person whose gender is unknown, is it semantically (not opinion based) okay just to call … English Portuguese translation in context, Free: Learn English, French and other languages, Reverso Documents: translate your documents online, Learn English watching your favourite videos, All English simple definitions from our dictionary. Google Scholar Sniezek, J., & Jazwinski, C. (1986). In keeping with the generalization at the outset and in keeping with the generally accepted rule of English composition above and on pain of being regarded as sexist – one should ignore the precedent set by the German Federal Court of Justice, when one translates into English. Gender-neutral job titles do not specify the gender of the person referred to, particularly when the gender is not in fact known, or is not yet specified (as in job advertisements). Because these pronouns are also masculine-specific, they have long been regarded as sexist when used generically, and their indeterminate-gender use is declining.[3]. What Is Gendered Language, and Why Should You Be Aware of It? "Where a recipient of an allowance under section 4 absents themse… [1] By “devices,” I mean, roughly speaking, rhetorical, stylistic, grammatical devices: metonymy should be translated with corresponding metonymy, syllogisms with corresponding syllogisms, grammatical moods with corresponding grammatical moods. In English, the generic masculine can be, and often is, perceived as biased language. Fourth, one can spell out who exactly is meant; one writes not “he,” “him,” or “his,” but rather “he or she,” “him or her,” “his or her” or – in cases involving, say, a legal person – “he, she, or it”; “him, her, or it”; or “his, her, or its.” (One should never, under any circumstance, use “s/he/it” as shorthand for “he, she, or it”; it stinks, it sounds just as bad as it looks.). “The development of masculine words into vocative expressions, exclamations, or forms of address may also help to explain how guy could be used as a noun of generic reference. And she files suit against her employer alleging gender-based discrimination. are gender-neutral and also used to refer singular, personal antecedents (e.g. deemed so, in certain cases, by the German Federal Court of Justice, Fachliche und förmliche Vollständigkeit einer juristischen Fachübersetzung, Hinweise zur bestehenden Moderationspraxis, OLG Oldenburg: "Leivtec XV 3 ist noch immer nix", Sturz auf dem Weg ins Homeoffice ist kein Arbeitsunfall, OVG Berlin-Brandenburg: Pandemiebedingte Behandlungsverbote sind rechtmäßig, „Der zerbrochne Krug“ oder: Die Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der Bremer Staatsanwaltschaft im Fall „BAMF“, Der BGH und die "Altfälle" - im Regelfall doch prozessführungsbefugt! Different strategies of gender-fair language have been applied to reduce a male bias, which means the implicit belief that a word describing an undefined person describes a man. Diese Sicherheitsfrage überprüft, ob Sie ein menschlicher Besucher sind und verhindert automatisches Spamming. It merely establishes that, in certain cases, one need not, as a matter of law, refer to a female person with feminine nouns and pronouns in German. The employer insists on its right to refer to a woman as a man on paper, in keeping with the precedent set by the German Federal Court of Justice. ♦ generically adv usu ADV after v, ADV -ed/adj, also ADV with cl.